Twothirds of these dams are more than 50 years old. Monitoring of dam behaviour was done by 390 sensors with data acquisition system. Embankment dams are the most prevalent worldwide, ranging from small ponds to some of the highest dams. A new framework for decisionmaking as one who authorised the next stage of one of the largest dams in the southern hemisphere i can argue that nations build large dams for sound reasons. Toe of dam is the junction of the downstream face of a dam and the natural ground surface, also referred to as downstream toe. Dams are also used for flood control and to maintain channel depths for barge transportation. Cfrd utilizes dam cost as objective function and dam slope and geometries of the dam material partition as design. Pdf design, performance and monitoring of grout curtains. Department of the interior bureau of reclamation denver colorado 2005. Concrete face rockfill dam draft cfrd international society hereby organized cfrd experts from relative countries for comprehensive summing up the experiences of constructions of world concrete face rockfill dam cfrd and studied the technical problems occurred recent years in the constructions of world high and very high cfrds, and presented the effective measures for overcoming them in may 2007 so as to meet the requirements for development of the world high cfrds. The main challenge in constructing a rockfill dam on thick overburden layers is the design and successful construction of an impervious system for the foundation, accounting for the distribution of the underlying soil and rock layers as well as their physical and engineering properties.
This consulting guide presents details and analyses of twentyeight large crfd dams worldwide, including the highest dam in the world. Concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd, low temperature, freezethaw cycle, finite element model, stress and deformation. Heights of cfrds has passed 200 m where shuibuya dam which is under construction in china, is 230 m high and will be the highest cfrd in the world. The design of filter materials and their importance in. Three dams in panama are some of the international projects that vattenfall is involved in. Homogeneous body regional rock fill body soil fill body. Settlement evaluation of a concrete face rockfill dam. The dam was to be built beginning in 1994 by a privatised jointventure consortium called bakun hydroelectric corporation, comprising ekran berhad, tenaga nasional berhad tnb, the government of sarawak, sarawak electricity supply corporation sesco, and malaysia mining corporation bhd mmc. A general designation of a type of dam body filled with rockfils or gravels compacted in layers, and also with its face slab as a antiseepage system.
The study shows that the in real time fusion of the monitoring results and fem analysis would give indication that the deformations of the concrete face reached critical values before the reservoir level would. In this paper, 24 asrecorded mainshockaftershock seismic sequences are selected to analyse the seismic performance of a 200mhigh concrete face rockfill dam cfrd subjected to mainshockaftershock seismic sequences by a series of elasticplastic analyses, based on three damage measures dms, displacement, shear strain and damage index di. The techniques combine the use of robotic total stations rts and global. Jul 30, 2012 preface to the second edition the first edition of design of small dams was discussion of the slurry trench method of cutoffpublished to serve primarily as a guide to safe prac construction, earthquake considerations, soiltices for those concerned with the design of small cement design criteria, additional design details,dams in public. The design flow is 15,110 m 3 s with a maximum probable flow of 15,915 m 3 s for a tr 10,000 years. Page 4 when the sample is squeezed between the fingers, the water and gloss disappear from the surface, the pat stiffens and finally it cracks or crumbles. For the spillway there are two main types, spillway passing through the dam body and spillway outside the dam body.
Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as the. The dam, and the impounded water, interact with a great mass of terrain, very far away sometimes from the dam itself. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are considered to be fundamentally safe, especially against leakage, and to be a lowcost alternative at many sites. A reinforced concrete slab is then constructed at the upstream face of the dam.
Matilija dam ecosystem restoration project ventura county, california tetra tech, inc. Structural design measures for a 93 m high concrete. Dams may also be classified as overflow or nonoverflow dams. Earth dam can be further classified as rock fill dam and cfrd, whereas concrete. It is possible to combine the expression for p defined by equation 3. Pages in category proposed dams the following 51 pages are in this category, out of 51 total. Pdf on jul 1, 2009, senthil nath and others published influence of. The design therefore included a vertical cutoff through the foundation, tied to the inclined upstream concrete face of the dam there is a great amount of experience worldwide on concrete face rockfill dams cfrds. Introduction the concrete face rockfill dam is, among all types of dams, the one which gives rise to the highest. A numerical procedure for the preliminary estimation of the earthquakeinduced settlement of concrete face rockfill dams is presented. Design of zoned dams to prevent core arching and hydraulic fracturing we need. The fibres combine with the bitumen to decrease its.
Technical progress on researches for the safety of high. Concrete faced rockfill dams in china international. Today, the design of concrete face rockfill dams are mostly depend on. Influences on selection of the type of dam the quantities and properties of the materials from the required excavation for the spillway, foundation cutoff trench, outlet works and other appurtenant structures. Fernandez, considerations on the seismic design of high concrete face rockfill dams cfrd s, 2nd international symposium on rockfill dams.
In particular, the concretefaced rockfill dam cfrd is one of the most promising dam types for this region, since it can make full use of local materials to reduce the transportation of construction materials out to the dam site, and has high adaptability, distinct economic advantages, and an excellent capability for earthquake resistance. This manual presents fundamental principles underlying the design and construction of earth and rockfill dams. This paper combined with the adaptive principle to improve the genetic algorithms ga and applied it to optimal design of the shape of the concrete face rockfill dam cfrd. This article describes the main features of the project, and in particular special measures which were taken to prevent rupture of the concrete face, in view of recent experience at some large cfrds in other parts of the world. Mechanical behavior of rockfill materials tel archives ouvertes. The dams c2m2 was developed by owners and operators and government stakeholders in the dams sector cybersecurity working group at the direction of the dams sector joint council. Evaluation of site geology and availability of construction materials, including rockfill and natural filters tender design of the dam, spillway, river diversion works and hydropower intakes. Seismic performance investigation of high cfrds subjected. Concrete face rockfill dam compared to roller compacted. Research article design optimization of a concrete face. The filter design was reconsidered after incidents at and failures of major dam structures. Chinas first concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd was at kekeya. The construction of cfrd involves placing the highergrade rock at the dam core, and compacting them to their maximum strength. In fact, these type of dams have been built all over the world for almost 150 years.
Research article design optimization of a concrete face rockfill dam by using genetic algorithm yanlongli,jingwang,andzengguangxu state key laboratory base of ecohydraulic engineering in arid area, xi an university of technology, xi an, china. If selected as the preferred alternative, these guidelines may help in the. Without it, life could not exist and people could not survive. A dam body filled mainly with gravels is also called as concrete face gravel dam. Design of zoned dams rock fill will be much stiffer than core. Dams international commission and the on large dams environment. Effect of low temperature and freezethaw on stress and. Oct 04, 2014 topics dams types of dams selection of dam sites geological characters for investigation selection of the dam type 3. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are becoming a widely used type of rockfill dam all over the world. The concrete face rockfill dam cfrd is a type of dam widely. Cfrd dam type is considered to be safe for most of the weak and strong rockfill materials.
Acknowledgements intended scope and use of this publication. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd have been widely used for multipurposes over the world. Concretefaced rockfill dams cfrd are widely used in largescale. Geocomposite specialty materials that combine two or more geosynthetics, such. Faced rockfill dams cfrd and embankment dams with an asphalt concrete upstream.
Pdf influence of concrete face on seismic response of concrete. A study on concrete faced rockfill dams usq eprints. The dam types considered are rccd roller compacted concrete dams and cfrd concrete faced rockfill dams. Geotechnical as well as geophysical investigation methods were used to provide information for the assessment of thesubsurface lithology along the proposed nkari dam axis in south eastern nigeria. Numerical assessment of the deformation of cfrd dams. The outer slopes both upstream and downstream are 1,4. Safety of cfrds depends on the proper design, construction, and monitoring of. We studied the design rationalization of rockfill dams on the basis of the modified seismic coefficient method. Chinas cfrds are designed in accordance with the design guide for concrete faced rockfill dams 1993, and design code for design of concrete faced rockfill dams 1999, both of which were approved and published by the state power corporation of china and the ministry of water resources. Prediction of concrete faced rock fill dams settlements using genetic programming algorithm. It is evident that some earth dams were constructed about 3,000 years ago in the cradles of ancient cultures such as east countries. Pinto and marques filho in 1998 presented a simple way for an approximate estimation of concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd. This implementation guidance aims to simplify the process for all organizations in the dams sectorregardless of their.
July 2009 surface water group vii syllabus this design documentation report ddr presents the results of the design of the robles diversion dam design modifications, part of the matilija dam ecosystem restoration project. The commission has the largest dam safety program in the united states. Dams sector cybersecurity framework implementation guidance. The design and construction of a dam are complex and casuistic, difficult to standardize. Dams a dam may be defined as a solid barrier constructed at suitable location across river valley with a view of impounding water flowing through that river. Since 1985 a number of cfrds have been constructed comprising compacted rockfill, with a semipervious filter grading face zone, monolithic face slab, dowelled and grouted toe slab plinth, and multiple water stop perimeter joint. It will also explain how instrumentation deployed during construction was used to inform the final design of the dam and the construction. Soil dams are waterholding plants made by mixing soil and rock at a specific location. It is thought that geomembrane will become one of the best choices for seepage control in concrete face rockfill dam cfrd, even can be an inevitable alternative for face rockfill dams and roller compacted concrete dams. For each of these topics, design and construction considerations are.
This design provides the concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure without concern for uplift pressure. Embankment dams are commonly the lowest cost alternative type to construct because they can utilise locally available earth and rock fill materials and can be built on lower quality foundations than other dam types. Innovative design features of the misicuni cfrd in bolivia j. For an earth dam the junction of the upstream face with. Concrete face rockfill dams presents the stateoftheart of dam design and construction.
A concreteface rockfill dam cfrd is a rockfill dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face. Pdf dams are one of the very important infrastructures for countries to control and benefit from its resources. Dam foundation grouting revised and expanded edition by kenneth d. Planning, design, and construction in the era of big dams david p. Compacted rockfill and the modern features of cfrd dam design combine to provide an. Based on the improved ga, a mathematical model was established for the design optimization of cfrd. An overview on types, construction method, failure and key. A case study on the postconstruction deformation of. Innovative design features of the misicuni cfrd in bolivia. Concrete faced rockfill dams, cfrd, is a term used to describe a certain type. The freezing and freezethaw cycles may reduce the mechanical strength of the material for a concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd, resulting in the risk of structural damage to the dam under the design load. Guidelines for design of dams table of contents section title page preface to the january 1 1989 edition 1 introduction 2 2 definitions 3 3 hazard classification 5. The construction of earth dams by hydraulic means was curtailed in the 1940s due to economic. By investigating the general operation status of the constructed cfrd projects in the world, most of the dams present rather a good performance.
The model aims to advance the practice of cybersecurity risk management across the dams sector by providing all dams sector organizations, regardless of size or. Wre page 2 of 5 principalincharge, carter lake dam new outlet works, co, northern water. Twelve chapters provide specialist information on concepts, desig. Design optimization of a concrete face rockfill dam by. Spillway design floodsdf is the largest flow that a given project is designed to pass safely. For embankment damtypes, such as the cfrd, the option of spillway outside the dam body is most suitable. The dam is a concrete face rockfill dam cfrd which is approximately 53 m high at its highest point. However the design and construction of cfrds are based. Puclaro dam is founded on very pervious riverbed alluviums more than 100m deep. This paper explains how modern design techniques were employed to appraise the design challenges.
Materials for embankment dams united states society on dams. According to the hydraulic design dams can be classified as. Dams, which are constructed of earth and rock materials, are generally referred to as embankment dams or filltype dams. Concrete face rockfill dams presents the state of theart of dam design and construction. The commission cooperates with a large number of federal and state agencies to ensure and promote dam safety and, more recently, homeland security. Such dams are preferred if the floor is not sufficiently strong and homogeneous. Communications to develop this sectorspecific cybersecurity framework implementation guidance hereafter implementation guidance to provide organization and structure to todays multiple approaches to cybersecurity.
For cfrd design it is often assumed that the dam settlements will not exceed 1% of the compacted fill height where horizontal deformations are less than 50% of settlements straubaar, gunsteren and mall, 2011. A viewpoint from the international commission on large dams dams help manage water a critical resource water is a critical natural resource. Dams store, use and divert water for consumption, irrigation, cooling, transportation, construction, mills, power and recreation. Guide for design and construction of concrete face. The results show that fshd and cfrd are safe against ap plied loads, but the. Practices in constructing high rockfill dams on thick. Silvan dam and revisions to adapt for latest developments. Seismic analysis of concrete face rock fill dams 665 of simplified procedures or the equivalent linear analysis in combination with newmarks sliding block analysis of slopes produces a safe design. Prediction of concrete faced rock fill dams settlements. The history of construction of embankment dams is much older than that of concrete dams.
National management measures to control nonpoint source. It is widely accepted as good practice to fix the most important properties of a dam. The method is based on a simple constitutive model that accounts for the key features of the behavior of coarse grained materials that affect the response of cfrds, namely pressure dependent elasticity and a peak friction angle dependent on both pressure and. The design of cfrd has been mainly empirical and based on experience and. A bogota, colombia abstract the inherent features of concrete face rockfill dams and the tr end of building higher dams have been recently questioned by three recent. Pdf a microscale investigation on the behaviors of. Study of seismic force coefficient for rockfill dams based. New concept of design for high concrete face rockfill dams, chin j geotech eng, 298, pp. This study was undertaken to develop the theory for analyzing the consolidation of partly saturated clay soils, and subsequently to develop a practical procedure for performing finite element analyses of the behavior of dams during construction, during reservoir filling, and during the development of longterm seepage. Department of natural resources division of water indianapolis, indiana. For an earth dam the junction of the upstream face with the ground surface is called the upstream toe. Deformations of cfrd dams start occurring during the construction.
Nam ngum 2 is one of the world ranked concrete face rock fill dam cfrd in lao pdr. The general principles presented herein are also applicable to the design and construction of earth levees. Classification of soil dams according to material used in dam body. The rapidity of appearance of water during shaking and of its disappearance during squeezing assist in identifying the character of the fines in a soil. A common multipurpose project might combine storage, flood control, and recreational uses. Since there is no pore water pressure which can be built in the freedraining compacted rockfill, the. Permeability control requirements for concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are more demanding than those for other sort of dams due to the higher hydraulic gradients that may occur immediately under the plinth, where in addition, the ground conditions are generally affected by weathering or blasting effects.
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